ß-blocker drugs, especially the noncardioelective ones, are generally contraindicated in patients with asthma. In contrast, the risk-to-benefit ratio may be in favor of cardioselective beta-blockers in patients with COPD, especially those with a history of myocardial infarction (PMID 24277628). See under each specific beta-blocking agent
Frequency - Incidence
Incidence of cardiac adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases
Evidence level/grade
Evidence level for cardiac adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic
Pneumonitis (interstitial lung disease/ILD)
Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may produce the ARDS pattern)
Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia)
Relapsing or migrating pneumonitis/pneumonia (see also Id)
Pulmonary fibrosis
Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging)
