The Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity Website and App

Anticoagulants, oral (vitamin K antagonists-VKA)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of cardiac adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for cardiac adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XVI.l

Thoracic epidural or spinal hematoma

Publications

Ordookhanian C, Kaloostian SW, Kaloostian PE

Anti-coagulation Drug Warfarin Contributes to Severe Adverse Outcomes in Prolonged Unsupervised Use: A Double-edged Sword.

Cureus. 2018;10(9):e3347

Inamasu J, Ito K, Hattori N, Hirose Y

Warfarin-associated Intraspinal Hematoma.

The Keio journal of medicine. 2016;65(4):74-77

Basamh M, Robert A, Lamoureux J, Saluja RS, Marcoux J

Epidural Hematoma Treated Conservatively: When to Expect the Worst.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques. 2016;43(1):74-81